
Welcome to the Department of Chemistry at Sir MVIT. We started our journey in the year of 1986. Over the last few decades, we have grown our expertise and competence in the curriculum and research.
Our department has been consistently getting good results in both theory and lab examinations of VTU, Belagavi.
Our department has been recognized as R&D Centre by VTU, Belagavi. The department maintains active research groups for carrying out collaborative and interdisciplinary research. We have state of the art research facilities to support our academic programs and research. Faculty members of the department have published their research articles in reputed journals of Elsevier, Taylor & Francis etc., with very high impact factors.
Our department has a distinguished record in both teaching and research. Faculty members of the department have authored books on Engineering Chemistry. Faculty members have excellent academic credentials and are highly regarded.
- To impart quality education to students with basic knowledge of fundamentals and strong foundation in science to mould them into competent professionals.
- To provide information to students that builds within them, a strong foundation in the basic principles of science for technologies to develop problem solving abilities and analytical skills.
- To impart quality education to the students to meet the needs of society with ethics. The Department is well equipped for teaching and offers good practical training in Engineering Chemistry to meet the academic requirements of VTU.
- Students pursue profession in chemical sciences.
- Students will work in diversified areas.
- Students pursue education and focus on research activities.
Name | Qualifications | Designation |
Dr. G. M. Krishnaiah | B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., | Professor and HOD |
Dr. G. K. Prashanth | B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. | Associate Professor |
Dr. B.Yerri Swamy | B. Sc., M. Sc., Ph.D | Associate Professor |
Mr. H.M. Sathyananda | M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph. D.) | Assistant Professor |
Ms. Kavya D. | B. Sc., M. Sc. | Assistant Professor |
Ms. Punitha S. | B. Sc., M. Sc. | Assistant Professor |
Ms. Kavya M.S | B. Sc., M. Sc. | Assistant Professor |


- Dr. Prashanth G K published a patent entitled “Green technologies for synthesizing nanomaterias with a focus on metal and metal oxide” in the official journal of the patent office with the Issue No. 24/2023 dated 16.06.2023.
- Dr. Prashanth G K reviewed two manuscripts for the journals Materials Today: Proceedings published by Elsevier and Qeios.
- The Department has been getting 100 % results in the lab exams and above 95 % in theory examinations.
- The Department has been recognized as R & D centre by VTU, Belagavi.
Name |
Qualification |
Designation |
Mr. G.R. Shivakumar | B. Sc. | Demonstrator |
Mr. K. Ramesh Kumar | SSLC | Lab Assistant |
Journal Publications:
2023
International Journal |
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NAME | PAPER PUBLISHED | DATE | NAME OF PUBLICATION /VOL/PAGES |
Prashanth G K | Evaluation of apoptosis in human breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) induced by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Piper betle leaf extract as bio-fuel | June 2023 | Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing |
- Paresh Kumar Behera, Srilatha Rao, Lekan Taofeek Popoola, Sowmyashree Ayachit Swamirayachar, Mothana Ghazi Kadhim AlFalah, Fatma Kandemirli, Shwetha Kodange, Gopala Krishna Prashanth, Ammathnadu Sudhakar Achalkumar, Room Temperature Columnar Liquid Crystalline Perylene Bisimide as a Novel Corrosion Resistant Surface Film for Mild Steel Surface, Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, SpringerNature 9, Article number: 18 (2023). The journal is SCOPUS and SCIE with Clarivate Analytics IF 5.545. Q1 journal.
- Manoj Gadewar, Prashanth GK, Prabhu Chandra Mishra, Ghulam Md Ashraf, Maged Almashjary, Steve Harakeh, Vijay Upadhyay, Abhijit Dey, Pallavi Singh, Niraj Kumar Jha, Saurabh Kumar Jha, Anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-hyperlidemic evaluation of Solanum indicum fruit extract in streptozocin induced diabetic rats, Current issues in Molecular Biology, MDPI (Accepted). The journal is SCOPUS, PubMED and SCIE with Clarivate Analytics IF 2.976. Q1 journal.
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna, Shobha Nagarajaiah, N. Nanda, Praveen Manjappa, Bhangi Mutta Nagabhushana, Manoj Gadewar, Srilatha Rao, Evaluation of apoptosis in human breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) induced by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Piper betle leaf extract as bio-fuel, - Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 2023. The journal is SCOPUS, and SCIE with Clarivate Analytics IF 2.983. Q2 journal.
2022
- G.K. Prashanth, H.M. Sathyananda, P.A. Prashanth, B.M. Nagabhushana, C. Shivakumara, S.R. Boselin Prabhu, H.G. Nagendra, “Evaluation of antimycobacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of CuO nanoparticles through cobalt doping”- Applied Nanoscience, Springernature, 12, 2022, 79–86.The journal is SCOPUS and SCIE with 5 years Clarivate Analytics IF 4.604. Q2 journal.
- Popsy Raj, Bharat Lal, Manoj Gadewar, Anita Singh, G. K. Prashanth, Cisplatin and Nano-particle Formulations of Cisplatin for Cancer Therapy: A Review, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 34(14A): 2022, 34-49. Article no.JPRI.83018.
- Selvaraj Suresh, S. Ravichandran, Ishan Y. Pandya, S.S. Sreeja Mole, S.R. Boselin Prabhu, G.K. Prashanth, Alginate Hydrogel Adsorbents in Adsorption of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants: A Review, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 34, 7, 2022, 1625-1632. The journal is SCOPUS indexed. Q4 journal.
- K. Prashanth, H. M. Sathyananda, P. A. Prashanth, Manoj Gadewar, M. Mutthuraju, S. R. Boselin Prabhu, B. M. Nagabhushana, C. Shivakumara, Srilatha Rao, Dibyalochan Mohanty, Controlled synthesis of Ag/CuO nanocomposites: evaluation of their antimycobacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, Applied Physics A, Springernature, 128:614, 2022. The journal is SCOPUS and SCIE with Clarivate Analytics IF 2.983. Q2 journal.
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna, Prabhu Chandra Mishra, Mutthuraju Mahadev Naika, Manoj Gadewar, Prashanth Paduvarahalli Ananthaswamy, Srilatha Rao, Sivadhas Rosejanet Boselin Prabhu, Kalanakoppal Venkatesh Yatish, Holenarasipura Gundurao Nagendra, Mahmoud Moustafa, Mohammed Al-Shehri, Saurabh Kumar Jha, Bharat Lal, Sherry Mole, Photocatalytic activity induced by metal nanoparticles synthesized by sustainable approaches: A comprehensive review, Rising stars in Catalysis and Photocatalysis 2021, Frontiers in Chemistry, Photocatalysis and Photochemistry, 2022, Doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.917831, The journal is SCOPUS, PubMED and SCIE with Clarivate Analytics IF 5.545. Q1 journal.
- G.K. Prashanth et al. “Effect of vitamin-C on structural, thermal, and optical properties of lithium sulfate monohydrate crystal” in the Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Springer, 2021. The journal is SCOPUS, SCI & SCIE indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 2.478. Q2.
- G.K. Prashanth, Sathyananda H.M, “Novel foam adsorbents in dye and heavy metal removal- A review” in Asian Journal of Chemistry, 33 (3) 2021, 499-508. The journal is SCOPUS indexed. Q4.
- G.K. Prashanth, H.M. Sathyananda, G.M. Krishnaiah, “Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of CuO nanopellets synthesized by surfactant free hydrothermal method” in the Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 49, 2021. The journal is SCOPUS, SCI/SCIE indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 1.072. Q3.
- G.K. Prashanth, et al. “The quality of ground water due to trace elements in the proximity of river Noyyal, Tiruppur, South India, Pollution Research, 40 (3), 251-258, 2021. The journal is SCOPUS indexed.
- G.K. Prashanth, et al. “A review of noble nanocomposites based on zinc oxide: synthesis, characterization, environmental and technological applications”- Journal of Optoelectronic and Biomedical Materials, 13, 4, 2021, 151-169. An SCIE journal.
- G.K. Prashanth, et al. published a paper titled “Evaluation of structural, optical, and dielectric characterization of adipic acid crystals grown in aqueous solution of L-alanine” in the Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Springer, 312, 2020, 22893-22904. The journal is SCOPUS, SCI & SCIE indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 2.478.
- Prashanth G.K., Sathyananda H.M., Krishnaiah G.M., et al. published a paper titled “Effect of doping (with cobalt or nickel) and UV exposure on the antibacterial, anticancer, and ROS generation activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles” in the Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, Taylor & Francis, 8 (4), 2020, 1175-1187, published on behalf of “The Korean Ceramic Society and the Ceramic Society of Japan”. The journal is SCOPUS & SCI indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 2.65.
- G.S. Arjun Kashyap, G.K. Prashanth, et al. published a paper titled “Protocol for Medicine and Technology for COVID-19- A Mini Review” in Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4 (3), 2020, 58-70.
- Prashanth G.K., Sathyananda H.M., and Krishnaiah G.M., published a paper titled “Treatment of Potable Water Samples Using Eco-Friendly Phyllanthus emblica– A Solution for Water Pollution” in Pollution Research, 39 (4), 2020, 365-372. The journal is SCOPUS indexed.
- G.K. Prashanth, H.M. Sathyananda, G.M. Krishnaiah, et al. published a paper titled “In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity response of CuO nanoparticles prepared by lemon juice and citric acid fueled solution combustion synthesis” in the International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 2020, 29(8s), 3678 - 3690. The journal is SCOPUS indexed.
- G.K. Prashanth, G.M. Krishnaiah, et al. published a paper titled “In vitro antibacterial and anticancer response of MgO nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion synthesis” in the International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 2020, 29(8s), 3668 - 3677. The journal is SCOPUS indexed.
- Ishwar Chandra, Anima Upadhyay, N Ramesh., published a paper titled “Mixture Design Using Low-Cost Adsorbent Materials for Decolourisation of Biomethanated Distillery Spent Wash in Continuous Packed Bed Column. Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability” in Springer, ISBN Online: 978-981-15-1616-0 169, 2020, 607-621.
- Krishnaiah G.M., and Prashanth G.K., authored a text book titled “Engineering Chemistry” as per CBCS scheme 2018 published by Newrays Publishing House with ISBN 978-81-94068-71-6.
Sl. No | Name of the Faculty | Title | Year of Publication/Applied | Agency |
1 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Brain tumor detection in PET scan images using extended U-Net framework with VGG-16 encoder | Date of filing: 28.10.2020 Publication details: Issue No. 47/2020, Page No. 58999 dated 20.11.2020. | Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India |
2 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Management of dense cloud removal from landsat images using deep neighbour-pixel embedding technique | Date of filing: 28.10.2020 Publication details: Issue No. 47/2020, Page No. 59000 dated 20.11.2020 | Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India |
3 | Dr. Prashanth G K | A novel method for prevention of security attack on cloud medical data using artificial intelligence and IOT | Date of filing: 28.04.2021 Publication details: Issue No. 20, Volume 35, dated 20.05.2021 | IP Australia, Australian Government |
4 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Development and in vitro characterization of Novel orally disintegrating tablet of clonazepam containing extracted starch as natural disintegrant | Date of filing: August 2021 Application No. 202141038000 | IP, Government of India |
5 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract and uses there of | Date of filing: May 2022 Application No. 202221030176 | IP, Government of India |
6 | Dr. Prashanth G K | A low-cost biosensor based device for detection of vital nutrients. Application No. 202311019408 | Date of filing: 202311019408 Publication details: Journal No. 19.2023, dated 12.05.2023 | IP, Government of India |
7 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Microreactor for nanoparticles synthesis | Year of filing: 2023 Application No. 383106-001 | IP, Government of India |
8 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Device for electricity generation from wastewater treatment | Year of filing: 2023 Application No. 383343-001 | IP, Government of India |
9 | Dr. Prashanth G K | Device for electricity generation from wastewater treatment | Year of filing: 2023 Application No. 202321032567 | IP, Government of India |
- Dr. G.K. Prashanth filed a patent application dated 26.05.2022 (Application No. 202221030176) titled “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract and uses there of”
- Prashanth G.K., et al. Patent publication with application No. 202141038000 titled “Preparation and evaluation of disintegreation properties of oral dispersible tablet of Clonozepam” in the official journal of the patent office (Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India) Issue No. 39/2021, Page No. 43679 dated 24.09.2021.
- K. Prashanth et al. Patent publication titled “A novel method for prevention of security attack on cloud medical data using artificial intelligence and IOT”. Date of filing: 28.04.2021. Publication details: Issue No. 20, Vol. 35, dated 20.05.2021, IP Australia, Australian Government.
- Prashanth G.K., et al. Patent publication with application No. 202041047141, titled “Brain tumor detection in PET scan images using extended U-Net framework with VGG-16 encoder” in in the official journal of the patent office (Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India) Issue No. 47/2020, Page No. 58999 dated 20.11.2020.
- Prashanth G.K., et al. Patent publication with application No. 202041047038, titled “Management of dense cloud removal from landsat images using deep neighbour-pixel embedding technique” in in the official journal of the patent office (Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India) Issue No. 47/2020, Page No. 59000 dated 20.11.2020.
- G.K. Prashanth et al. published a patent titled “A novel method for prevention of security attack on cloud medical data using artificial intelligence and IOT”. Date of filing: 28.04.2021.
- Publication details: Issue No. 20, Vol. 35, dated 20.05.2021, IP Australia, Australian Government.
- Prashanth G.K., Krishnaiah G.M., Sathyananda H.M., Mutthuraju M., et al. published a paper titled “Comparison of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by lemon juice and citric acid fueled solution combustion synthesis” in BioNanoScience, Springer Nature, 9 (4), 2019, 799-812. The journal is SCOPUS, UGC-CARE list (India) and SCImago, Japanese Science and Technology Agency indexed.
- Ishwar Chandra, N Ramesh, Anima Upadhyay., published a paper titled “Physical and Biochemical Assessment of Sugarcane Bagasse (Saccharum Officinarum)” in International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8 (12), 2019,
- Chandrakala M, Anima Upadhyay., published a paper titled “Wood Apple Fruit Shell (Limonia acidissima) an Excellent Precursor for Preparation of Activated Charcoal” in International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, 7(2), 2019, 544-548.
- Ishwar chandra, N.Ramesh and Anima Upadhyay., published a paper titled “Qualitative studies on colour removal from distillery effluent using low-cost adsorbent materials under static batch mode” in Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2019, Special Issue of NCCWLS:475-481.
- Ishwar chandra., N. Ramesh and A Upadhyay., published a paper titled “Studies on decolourisation of distillery effluent using microbial consortium under static -batch mode and agitation-Batch Mode” in Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2019, Special Issue of NCCWLS:288-295.
2018
- G.K. Prashanth, G.M. Krishnaiah, H.M. Sathyananda, et al. published a paper titled “Comparison of anticancer activity of biocompatible ZnO nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion synthesis using aqueous leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum, Melia azedarach and Indigofera tinctoria as bio-fuels” in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Taylor & Francis, 46, 2018, 968–979. The journal is Materials Science Citation, PubMed/MedLine; SCI and SCOPUS indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 5.605.
- Chandrakala, M., and Upadhyay Anima., published a paper titled “Karanji fruit shell as precursor for preparation of activated charcoal” in International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations,2018, 6 (3), 684-688.
- Chandrakala, M., and Upadhyay Anima., published a paper titled “Adsorption Efficiency of Phosphoric Acid Activated Gulmohar (Delonix regia) Fruit Shell Charcoal using Methylene Blue” in International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology,2018, 6(4), 480 – 484.
- Chandrakala, M., and Upadhyay Anima., published a paper titled “Preparation of Nontoxic Activated Charcoal from Gulmohar (Delonix regia) Shell” in International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 2018, 7(2): 689 – 695.
- G.K. Prashanth G.K, G.M. Krishnaiah, H.M. Sathyananda, et al. published a paper titled “Antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by bio-fueled solution combustion synthesis” in International Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 7 (9) 2018. The journal is UGC approved.
2017
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna, et al. published a paper titled “Antitubercular activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion synthesis using lemon juice as bio-fuel” in Materials Science and Engineering C, Elsevier, 75, 2017, 1026-1033. The journal is SCOPUS, PubMed/MedLine & SCIE indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 5.88.
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna, Krishnaiah Gowdayyanadoddi.Mariyappa, Sathyananda Hulivana Manchegowda, et al. published a paper titled “Comparison of antimicrobial and anticancer activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared using different precursors by hydrothermal synthesis” in the Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10, (1), 2017, 192-197. The journal is SCOPUS indexed.
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna, et al. published a paper titled “In vitro antibacterial and anticancer studies of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by sugar fueled combustion synthesis” in Advanced Materials Letters, 8, 2017, 24-29.
- Krishnaiah G.M., and Prashanth G.K., authored a text book titled “Engineering Chemistry” as per CBCS scheme 2016 published by Skyward Publishers with ISBN 978-93-86442-01-7.
2016
- Prashanth Gopala Krishna, et al. published a paper titled “ZnO nanopellets have selective anticancer activity” in Materials Science and Engineering C, Elsevier, 62, 2016, 919-926. The journal is SCOPUS, PubMed/MedLine & SCIE indexed with Clarivate Analytics IF: 5.88.
- G.K. Prashanth, et al. published a paper titled “In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer studies of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method” in Advanced Science, Engineering & Medicine, American Scientific Publishers, No.8, 2016, 306-313.
2015
- Prashanth G.K., Krishnaiah G.M., Sathyananda H.M., et al. published a paper titled “In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies of ZnO nanopowders prepared by combustion assisted facile green synthesis” in Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, Elsevier, 1, 2015, 67-77. The journal is SCOPUS indexed.
- Prashanth G.K., Krishnaiah G.M., and Sathyananda H.M., published a paper titled “Qualitative phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis of the leaves of Indigofera tinctoria” in International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4, 8, 2015, 7544-7547.
2014
- Prashanth G.K., and Krishnaiah G.M., published a paper titled “Phytochemical Studies and GC-MS analysis of the leaf extracts of Melia azedarach linn” in International Journal of Advancement in Engineering Technology, Management & Applied Science, 1 (6) 2014, 48-547.
- Prashanth G.K., and Krishnaiah G.M., published a paper titled “Phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis of the leaves of Pongamia pinnata linn” in International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3 (11) 2014, 17329-17334.
- Prashanth G.K., and Krishnaiah G.M., published a paper titled “Chemical composition of the leaves of Azadirachta Indica Linn (Neem)” in International Journal of Advancement in Engineering Technology, Management & Applied Science, 1 (5) 2014, 21-31..
- Prashanth G.K., Sathyananda H.M., et al. published a paper titled “Antifungal studies of ZnO nanopowders prepared by solution combustion method” in International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management, 3 (5) 2014, 71-75.
Sl. No. | TITLE OF BOOK | YEAR | NAME OF THE PUBLISHER | ISBN | LEVEL |
1 | Engineering Chemistry (As per CBCS scheme 2016) | 2017 | Skyward Publishers | 978-93-86442-01-7 | National |
2 | Engineering Chemistry (As per CBCS scheme 2018) | 2020 | Newrays Publishing House | 978-81-94068-71-6 | International |


The Research Center at the Department of Chemistry is recognized by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi. The Centre focuses on domains such as Solid state Chemistry and Material Science. The Research facilities help students and faculty to involve in Research and pursue Ph. D programme. The faculty members have published research articles in various reputed journals of Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer Nature, and Frontiers with very high Clarivate Analytics impact factors.
List of Research Guides and their SpecializationSl.No. | Name of the Research Guide | VTU Research ID | Area of Specialization of the Research Guide | Number of Research Scholars | Details of Ph.D. Guidance to other Universities Research Scholars |
1 | Dr. G.M. Krishnaiah | 3624 (VTU08173624) | Solid State Chemistry | 03 | NIL |
2 | Dr. G.K. Prashanth | 012021RSCT000046 (Registration id) | Material Science | 02 | NIL |
Sl.No. | Name of the Research Scholar | Name of Guide | Title of the Research | Research Area | Status (Thesis Submitted/ Viva Voce/ Course Work Completed) |
1 | Mrs. Manuja Mani G B | Dr. G.M. Krishnaiah | Photo Catalytic Degradation of Environmentally Hazardous Dyes & Pigments Using Semiconducting Particles | Solid state Chemistry | Comprehensive viva completed |
2 | Mrs. Syeda Thazeen Fathima | Dr. G.M. Krishnaiah | Oxidation of some Important Cardiovascular & Anti-Infective Drugs by N-halo Amides & N-halo Amine-A Kinetic Approach | Solid state Chemistry | Comprehensive viva completed |
3 | Mr. Krishna Koushik | Dr. G.M. Krishnaiah | A detailed study on novel synthetic methodology incorporated for the synthesis and development of structural−activity relationship studies of anti-epileptic drugs and their role as anticancer agents | Pharmaceutical Chemistry | Yet to appear for course work |
4 | Mr. Mutthuraju M | Dr. G.K. Prashanth | Evaluation of biological response of doped metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical methods | Material Science | Registered |
Sl.No. | Equipment/ Software/ Facility available | Utility Area/Purpose |
1 | Muffle furnace | To synthesize nanomaterials and to heat materials to extremely high temperatures. |
2 | Digital centrifugation machine | To separate heterogeneous mixtures into their various components |
3 | Digital water bath | To incubate samples at a constant temperature over a long period of time |
4 | Hot air oven | Provides a controlled environment where high temperatures can be maintained conveniently. |